Leon Festinger and his colleague James They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Flashcards | Quizlet Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. $K{.-hC ;{l8S Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. Psychology Chapter 12 Flashcards - Cram.com Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. 48 0 obj In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). The hour which the S spent working on the repetitive, monotonous tasks was intended to provide, for each S uniformly, an experience about which he would have a somewhat negative opinion. Selena has just used the, Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. DISCUSSION. Festinger, L. (1957). Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. in order to reduce dissonance. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. Don't see what you need? are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. New York: Harper & Row. All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. That is it. The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". /ImageB The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. 52 0 obj Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Their prediction provedcorrect. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. The amount of money paid the subject was varied. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. %%EOF The S worked at this task for another half hour. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. A similar rating of the over-all content of what the S said. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. endstream endobj startxref Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? York University, Toronto, Ontario. While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. I hope you did enjoy it. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. 4. Her improved performance is an example of. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. experiment. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. In groupthink, members of the group______. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. These are: 1. Eddie has made the _________. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. This has many practical implications. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." He must be a genius." correct. Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU Hum. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. <> hbbd``b` H? Cognitive Dissonance | in Chapter 09: Motivation and Emotion In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. Introducing Cram Folders! 4. After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. Intro to Social psy chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______. PDF An Introduction to Cognitive Dissonance Theory and an Overview of exam 2 Flashcards | Chegg.com Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. in order to reduce dissonance. 0000013918 00000 n It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. Results and Conclusions - Festinger-Carlsmith What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? Cognitive Dissonance | SiOWfa15: Science in Our World: Certainty and These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. & KING, B.T. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. 109 0 obj <>stream He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. anything important? In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). Scott, W. A. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. The participants were 71 male students in totality. <> Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. 0000000868 00000 n If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; Because of the desirability of investigating this possible alternative explanation, we recorded on a tape recorder the conversation between each S and the girl. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). endobj Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? /N 8 Cognitive Dissonance Experiment by Leon Festinger - Explorable /Text One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. (p.47) They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. There is another possible way, however. Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. /H [ 658 210 ] The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. This has many practical implications. xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. Behavior and Attitudes - Why does our Behavior Affect our Attitudes Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. ", 3. Festinger & Carlsmith Cognitive dissonance consequences of forced Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. The five ratings were: 1. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. New York Times, p.C1. %%EOF Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. 51 0 obj Festinger and Carlsmith Dissonance Study - YouTube (Boulding, 1969). The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. Take it with you wherever you go. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? soc. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. startxref hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. Procedure - Festinger and Carlsmith Study During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. 0000011828 00000 n Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. One Dollar condition. This project has received funding from the, You are free to copy, share and adapt any text in the article, as long as you give, Select from one of the other courses available, https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance, Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. 4. Social Researcher. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking Control condition. But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. (Goleman, 1991) Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. 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