"the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. Apply for student finance without a bank account? This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. LS23 6AD The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Boston Spa, Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. France was at war with England and Spain. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Boston House, The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. 1. One was debt. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. to answer the Section Focus Question: Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). If those Catholics decided to rebel against . It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. Dedicated to. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. This meant atholics did not think . In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. The conspirators including Babington were all. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. Norfolk was killed in 1572. Write a paragraph or two. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. This increased tension between England and Spain. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Spanish invasion plans. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. Save. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. Boston House, Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. LS23 6AD July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. West Yorkshire, Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. The invasion failed, however. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. They began to revolt against the Spanish. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Those who refused this were sent to prison. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Register for free, Home /
First English colony in Virginia established. J. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. 214 High Street, Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. . Why religious compromise was so difficult. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Company Reg no: 04489574. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. Mary was spared. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. 214 High Street, West Yorkshire, From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot.