The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. This term then These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. population. The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). Uganda - Government and society | Britannica The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. more. (p. 34). In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. The Southern Lwoo language group As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. (1955). The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda - Unizin B. Webster, eds. [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. "Acholi The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . find its conclusion until the 19th century. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. Langlands, B. W. (1971). jok ). Jur Alur Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive 20- These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. and created larger political 3 vols. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, ." Domestic Unit. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. According to the Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Okot p'Bitek (1971). B. K. (1994). journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the London: Oxford University Press. Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. Malandra, Alfred (1939). He was defeated in January 1986. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Linguistic Affiliation. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . 61). "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. Acholi | Encyclopedia.com This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. thesis, University of Nairobi. before. Under Ugandan Pres. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. Acholi - Minority Rights Group All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." Political Organization. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. More This made the chiefs more independent from development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. Tonga and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Rwot, 'ruler'). The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. Socialization. 1544957. Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages Acholi | people | Britannica But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. Stream and swamp fishing are important. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Identification. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. 13.4 Organizational Politics | Organizational Behavior - Lumen Learning A rebellion During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Political Organization. Encyclopedia.com. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in (1972). While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . comparably flat. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. Arts. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Apoko, Anna (1967). With the coming of the ivory areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes.